{"id":8976,"date":"2023-10-20T16:41:57","date_gmt":"2023-10-20T12:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lawblog.az\/?p=8976"},"modified":"2024-09-06T12:28:48","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T08:28:48","slug":"the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/","title":{"rendered":"The Metaverse and Public International Law Implications: Legal Uncertainty in a Digital Era"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MVYrJJNdrEg?si=cc5ZgM6sKQqqJN1Q&amp;start=96\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-82686151 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3><em>Dimensional Revolution<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Although interest in the metaverse has gone up and down over the years, a recent virtual podcast featuring life-like human avatars has reignited the conversation around its potential and implications. \u201cWhere am I, where are you, Mark, where are we?\u201d the questions that started the groundbreaking <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MVYrJJNdrEg\">conversation<\/a> between Lex Fridman and Mark Zuckerberg that took place in a completely new dimension. Apart from its entertainment value, the metaverse raises crucial legal questions about its nature. &#8220;Metaverse,&#8221; a term distantly reminiscent of science fiction, rapidly becomes a reality.<\/p>\n<p>While the metaverse raises a lot of questions about important issues such as data privacy, digital identity, and dispute resolution, probably the biggest question lies in public international law. Where does metaverse activity legally occur? Does it traverse the territory of the states?<\/p>\n<p>Pondering on territoriality, a cornerstone of classical sovereignty, <span id='easy-footnote-1-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-8976' title='Akehurst, Michael, Jurisdicition in International Law, British Year Book of International Law 46 (1972 &amp;#8211; 1973), 145-258, p. 146'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span> takes on new significance in the context of this dimensional revolution. Unlike the tangible world, where state boundaries are typically clear, the digital dimension appears to refuse such conventional demarcations. <span style=\"font-size: revert; color: var(--cs-color-primary); font-family: var(--cs-font-base-family), sans-serif; font-style: var(--cs-font-base-style); letter-spacing: var(--cs-font-base-letter-spacing);\">This phenomenon, referred to as &#8220;deterritorialization&#8221;, <span id='easy-footnote-2-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-8976' title='&lt;em&gt;Steinbach, Julie&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;n&lt;\/em&gt;, Souver\u00e4nit\u00e4tsfragmente, Ein Beitrag zur Literaturgeschichte der Souver\u00e4nit\u00e4t und gegenw\u00e4rtigen Herausforderungen der Rechtswissenschaften im Spiegel der Digitalisierung, T\u00fcbingen 2019, pp. 82 &amp;#8211; 83'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> grapples with reconciling the traditional constructs of territorial and national boundaries with the digital landscape in the context of digital sovereignty.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Digital Sovereignty<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>The creation of the internet and, with it, the beginning of a new dimensional revolution gave impetus to discussions about the legal nature of the digital dimension. While the first calls<span id='easy-footnote-3-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-8976' title='John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, https:\/\/www.eff.org\/cyberspace-independence (last accessed on 19.10.2023).'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> to free the internet from the claws of the sovereign power gained momentum, it couldn\u2019t find the necessary support to anchor itself. States were not ready to allow the creation of an unregulated domain with claims of state security. The stance taken in the practice showed the inclination of states to expand their national borders into the digital realm. The most concerning example of it is the \u201cGreat Firewall of China\u201d.<span id='easy-footnote-4-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-8976' title='See for instance: Zhang Xinbao &amp;amp; Xu Ke, A Study on Cyberspace Sovereignty, China Legal Science, 33 \u2013 75 (2016).'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n<p>According to this idea, the state has the ultimate authority over all the equipment on its territory.<span id='easy-footnote-5-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-8976' title='More on the topic: Wu, Timothy S., Cyberspace Sovereignty? \u2013 The Internet and the International System, Harvard Journal of Law &amp;amp; Technology, 647 \u2013 666 (1997); Goldsmith, Jack L., The Internet and the Abiding Significance of Territorial Sovereignty, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 475-492 (1998); Svantesson, Dan Jerker B., Sovereignty in International Law &amp;#8211; How the Internet (Maybe) Changed Everything, But Not for Long, Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 137 \u2013 156 (2014).'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Therefore, the state shall have the same authority over the digital space that is regulated, respectively, through this equipment. To a certain extent, it reminds Carl Schmitt\u2019s approach to sovereignty.<span id='easy-footnote-6-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-8976' title='&lt;em&gt;Schmitt, Carl&lt;\/em&gt;, Politische Theologie, Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souver\u00e4nit\u00e4t, 11th ed. Berlin 2021&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: revert; color: var(--cs-color-primary); font-family: var(--cs-font-base-family), sans-serif; font-style: var(--cs-font-base-style); font-weight: var(--cs-font-base-weight); letter-spacing: var(--cs-font-base-letter-spacing);&quot;&gt;.&lt;\/span&gt;'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In his understanding of sovereignty in a scenario where states try to assert sovereignty through traditional means, he suggests the emergence of a surrogate of global authority. In the modern state, safeguarding information and knowledge has become crucial to asserting political will.<span id='easy-footnote-7-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-8976' title='&lt;em&gt;Supra note 2&lt;\/em&gt;, p. 89'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In other words, safeguarding information and communication infrastructures replaces the role once held by territory and land. As a result, the discourse now primarily centres on a territorial reassertion (&#8220;reterritorialisation&#8221;) of the digital domain, with proposals for national routing systems, servers.<span id='easy-footnote-8-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-8976' title='Martinet, Lily, Exercising Digital Sovereignty over Blockchains: A Case Study from France, p. 15; Conseil General de L&amp;#8217;economie de L&amp;#8217;industrie, de l&amp;#8217;Energie et des Technologies, Rapport Etudiant la Possibilite de Creer un Commissariat a la Souverainete Numerique [Report Assessing the Possibility of Creating a Commissioner for Digital Sovereignty] published in the 3rd annex of French Senat, Rapport d&amp;#8217;Enquete du Senat sur la Souverainete Numerique [Investigation Report of the Senat on Digital Sovereignty] vol. 1, 207 (2019), &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.senat.fr\/rap\/r19-007-1\/r19-007-11.pdf&quot;&gt;http:www.senat.fr\/rap\/r19-007-1\/r19-007-11.pdf&lt;\/a&gt; (last accessed on 19.10.2023).'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n<p>Such a highly centralised approach to the regulation of the Internet, bordering on authoritarian control, is considered a step back into the Cybered Westphalian Age.<span id='easy-footnote-9-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-8976' title=' Demchak, Chris C., Dombrowski, Peter, Rise of a Cybered Westphalian Age, Strategic Studies Quarterly (2011), p. 57'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The likelihood of its effectiveness is dubious. It is seen as contradicting the cosmopolitan understanding of international law, and even the UN Human Rights Committee has warned about the possibility of human rights violations by states in the event of its misuse. From a more technical perspective, this approach will only hold as long as the necessary equipment for the functioning of the digital dimension is situated on the territory of a certain state. That may be put under serious doubt if the global providers decide to move their facilities to an \u201cunsovereign\u201d area, such as the high seas.<span id='easy-footnote-10-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-8976' title='For instance, in not so far future the datacenters may be moved to high seas supported with renewable energy that would make it completely independent from any mainland support. See for example the Microsoft practice: https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/source\/features\/sustainability\/project-natick-underwater-datacenter\/ (last accessed on 19.10.2023) '><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Recent developments with \u201cthe Starlink\u201d and its refusal to operate near the Crimean Peninsula may serve as a prelude to this issue.<span id='easy-footnote-11-8976' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lawblog.az\/en\/blog\/2023\/10\/20\/the-metaverse-and-public-international-law-implications-legal-uncertainty-in-a-digital-era\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-8976' title='https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/09\/08\/world\/europe\/elon-musk-starlink-ukraine.html (last accessed on 19.10.23)'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n<h3><em>Conclusion<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>The metaverse, as showcased in the Lex Friedman-Mark Zuckerberg podcast, is not just a technological novelty but a harbinger of the Dimensional Revolution. As we navigate this uncharted digital territory, we must address the legal implications, particularly in terms of data privacy, identity, jurisdiction, and state sovereignty. The metaverse represents a brave new world, and its legal framework must evolve alongside it. Balancing innovation and regulation will be the key to unlocking its full potential while preserving the rights and interests of all its inhabitants. The Lex Friedman-Mark Zuckerberg podcast may have been a virtual conversation, but its legal implications are very much grounded in the real world, shaping the future of our interconnected digital universe.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dimensional Revolution Although interest in the metaverse has gone up and down over the years, a recent virtual podcast featuring life-like human avatars has 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